Paper no.12 English Language Teaching-1 Assignment

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q Name:- Lalji. G. Baraiya.

q Course:- M.A.-2 , Sm-3.

q Year:- 2019-’20.

q Roll no.:- 17.

q Enrollment no.:-2069108420190001.

q G-mail Id.:- laljibaraiya789@gmail.com.

q Paper no.:- 12(English Language Teaching-1).

q Total words:-  1,839

q  Submitted to:- Smt. S.B.Gardi.Dep.of Engllish Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University.

vEnglish language for Specific Purposes

vIntroduction:-

 According to Robert Henry Robins that,

                    “Language is a system of conventional spoken, manual, or written symbols by means of which human beings, as members of a social group and participants in its culture express themselves. The functions of language include communication, the expression of identity, play, imaginative expression, and emotional release.

                           So that Language play whopping roll in to link each other but If we don’t know all language so that we face many problems into communication through languages. Nowadays many debits and talk Show happening on what is important for us native language or foreign language? Sometimes people give different types of metaphor of the language. So here I want to share some views about ‘ESP’ which known English language for Specific Purposes with differences as second language.

vImportance of English Language:-

1)  It’s the most commonly spoken language in the world 

2)   It’s the language of international business

3)    Most movies are in English

4)    It’s easy to learn

5)    It helps you understand other languages

6)     English’s best assets is its flexibility

7)     It can be used around the world

8)    It’s the language of the internet

9)    It continues to change

vAbout ‘ESP’:-

                                        ‘ESP’ means that English for specific purposes. It means that English language learning for some kind of certain subject or profession. I want to say that someone is going Africa for teaching business English so there are students may be can’t communicate in African language but through African English language or native language. English for Specific Purpose has stream of working for increasing English language. There are English language became as a bridge of two communicators which working with proper rules, discipline. So this method makes communication specific. As result of this method I want to say that here this method focuses on how we communicate and learning it.

                                        I am going to talk about the development of English as particularly English as an international language. When a language is called the lingua franca, we clearly know that it is a language that is widely used as a means of communication among speakers of other languages.

                          The acknowledgement of English language as the lingua franca of most activity in the international setting has been generally recognized (Crystal, 1997) and it is not a shocking phenomenon that most people learn English just to communicate with English speaking people. In the era of globalization people have now realized the importance of English and the need to master the English language although the role English has expanded tremendously. This can be seen in the use of English at a higher level of education as in ‘specialized area of research and scholarship’ (Faiz, 2010) and the most apparent proof can be seen in the number of English speakers.

                             English for specific purpose had emerged because of numerous unified trends based on notably three main reasons that have been identified in the emergence of ESP:-

1)  The demands of a Brave New World

2)  A revolution in linguistics

3)  Focus on the learner.

                        Hutchinson and Waters (1987) have emphasized two key historical periods that gave life into ESP.

                              English for specific purposes has a subset of English as a second language or foreign language. Normally It’s refers to teaching the English language to university students or people already in employment, with reference to the particular vocabulary and skills they need.

                              As with any language thought for particular objects a given course of ESP will focus on one occupation or profession, for example, Technical English, Scientific English, English for medical professionals, English for waiters, English for tourism… etc. Despite the seemingly limited focus, a course of ESP can have a wide-ranging impact, as is the case with Environmental English. (Wikipedia)

English for academic purposes is taught to students before or during their degrees, is one sort of ESP, as is Business English. Aviation English is taught to pilots, air traffic controllers and civil aviation cadets to enable clear radio communications. (Wikipedia)

                              At the Conference at Japan on ESP, there are mentioned that differences to how people interpreted the meaning of ESP?. Somebody interpreted ESP for simply being the teaching of English for any purpose that could be specified. Others were more precise, describing it is for the teaching of English used in academic studies or the teaching of English for vocational or professional purposes.

vCharacteristics of ‘ESP’:-

                       ‘ESP’ community in Japan, Dudley-Evans given following characteristic…

A)Specific needs of the learners:-

                              Normally ‘ESP’ focused on increasing of learners so that how help English for specific purpose it’s more important. Here ESP pay attention of learners curiosity for knowing and fulfill their ambition specific way.

B)                 Use of underlying methodology:-

                             English for specific purposes used of underlying methodology and used specific tools and activities to improving of the learners. There was specifically work on basic skill also. Use of underlying often remembering and highlighting so that was attracted to learn something new. Moreover this method used various activities which create specific discipline.

C) ESP is centered on the language:-

                             English for specific purpose method determined of language and grammar also. There are use of various activities for that like as, terms of grammar, lexis, register, study skills, discourse and genre.

D)                Designed for specific disciplines:-

                             English for specific purpose create specific discipline for learners because It’s not used general English grammar, vocabulary but specific way uses all things.

E) Specific teaching situations:-

                                   ‘ESP’ also create new environment for learners because when we studies English language as a general way so we never get knowledge without basic but specific purpose also leads to learn to studies some kind of different subject and language also.

F) Use of different type of methodology:-

                            We can’t learn through traditional method like Grammar transition method but there are used of various methodology and technology also for create live class or make bridge between them. There are used certain words, language and approach for improving English language. Here general English useful but few use of that.

G) Designed for intermediate or advanced students:-

                          Generally English language used by everybody with different perspective but here English language designed for intermediate or advanced students. Sometimes ESP working like as to be designed for adult learners and a tertiary level institution or in a professional work situation. So that here English Language working specific way rather than common English language.

vDifferent between General English and ESP:-

                                       According to Hutchinson’s point of view that, "in theory nothing rather than in practice a great deal". When their book was written at that time his the last statement was quite true. During that time the teacher of General English courses while acknowledging that students had a specific purpose for studying English which would be generally conducted to need of analysis to find out what was necessary to actually achieve it.

                                      Moreover nowadays teacher are more aware about the importance of need of analysis or certainly materials writers think very carefully about the goals of learners at all stages of materials production. Although there are demonstrate the influence of that the ESP approach has had on English teaching in general. Clearly the line between where General English courses stop and ESP courses start had become very vague indeed.

vRole of teacher and learner:-

                           If We talked about roll of teacher and students so one thing is clear that while many General English teacher can be described as using an ESP approach with basing their syllabi on necessary of learners specific way analysis and their own specialist knowledge of using English for real communication. It is happening in so many cases so that we called that ESP teachers that are using an approach furthest from that described above.

                               Instead of conducting interviews with specialists in the field, analyzing the language that is required in the profession and even conducting students' needs analysis, many ESP teachers have become slaves of the published textbooks available, unable to evaluate their suitability based on personal experience and unwilling to do the necessary analysis of difficult specialist texts to verify their contents.

vConclusion:-

                           Another factor that contributes to the emergence of ESP is a revolution in linguistics. In this period of time, the demands of English courses for specific need were increasing while at the same time new ideas began to take place in the field of study (Hutchinson & Waters, 1987). The conventional linguists sought to describe the features of language (grammar), whereas the radical pioneer in linguistics put a focus on the ways in which language is used in real communication (Widdowson, 1978).

                           The other reason that leads to the origin of ESP is the focus on the learner, which in this case in the area of psychology. The development of educational psychology has contributed to the emergence of ESP by focusing on the learners and their learning attitudes. It was clear that different learners have different needs and interests which will then affect their learning motivation and the effectiveness of learning.

                            We have now explored English for Specific Purposes (ESP) comprehensively and thoroughly starting from its history and development and we have had better understandings towards this area of English. We could say that English for Specific Purposes has developed out of the need to provide specific courses for students who had to learn English more as a means to an end rather than for the sake of learning English itself. In this case ESP is based largely on the goals and requirements that students have because when students have little or no basic knowledge in English, then teaching it for a specific purpose would be almost impossible. All in all, ESP can be simply deduced as the use of specific variety of English in a specific context to meet specific needs of the learner.

                            The guiding principle proposed for ESP by Hutchinson and Waters (1987: 8) “Tell me what you need English for and I will tell you what English you need” is in perfect accord with the above statement along with the history and development of ESP. Based on the history and development of ESP discussed above, we can see that the learners’ needs of English play an important role in developing and designing the learning materials to fulfill their specific needs.

vReferences:-

(contributors)

Works Cited

contributors, Wikipedia. English for specific purposes. 2019 Aug. 8. The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia. 2019 sep. 23 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_for_specific_purposes>.

Dudley-Evans, Tony (1998). Developments in English for Specific Purposes: A multi-disciplinary approach. Cambridge University Press. (Forthcoming)
Hutchinson, Tom & Waters, Alan (1987). English for Specific Purposes: A learner-centered approach. Cambridge University Press.
Johns, Ann M. & Dudley-Evans, Tony (1991). English for Specific Purposes: International in Scope, Specific in Purpose. TESOL Quarterly 25:2, 297-314.
Strevens, P. (1988). ESP after twenty years: A re-appraisal. In M. Tickoo (Ed.), ESP: State of the art (1-13). SEAMEO Regional Language Centre.
"What Is English For Specific Purposes English Language Essay." UKEssays.com. 11 2018. All Answers Ltd. 09 2019 <https://www.ukessays.com/essays/english-language/what-is-english-for-specific-purposes-english-language-essay.php?vref=1>.

Paper no.11 Postcolonial Literature Assignment

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q Name:- Lalji. G. Baraiya.

q Course:- M.A.-2 , Sm-3.

q Year:- 2019-’20.

q Roll no.:- 17.

q Enrollment no.:-2069108420190001.

q G-mail Id.:- laljibaraiya789@gmail.com.

q Paper no.:- 11(Postcolonial Literature).

q Total words:-  1,633

q  Submitted to:- Smt. S.B.Gardi.Dep.of Engllish Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University.

·     Diaspora through essay of Salman Rashdie’s ‘The imaginary homelands’.

·      Introduction:-

                                         The field of Postcolonial Studies had obtained importance since the time of 19th century. Some would date its rise in the Western academy from the publication of Edward Said’s influential critique of Western constructions of the Orient in his book. The Development of currency through the academy of the term “postcolonial”  which was combined with the appearance in’ The ‘Empire Writes Back’ During that time theory and Practice in Post-Colonial Literatures by Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths, and Helen Tiffin. So that the use of associated terms of ‘Commonwealth’ and ‘Third World’ that were used to describe the literature of Europe’s former colonies had happen in rarely.

                                      The lionization of Diaspora writers like Slman Rashdie  for best example of that.He might be seen as a privileging of the transnational, migrant sensibility at the expense of more local struggles in the postcolonial.

                                           Some of the best known names in Postcolonial literature and for the  theory  like as there are those of Chinua Achebe, Homi Bhabha, Edward Said, Buchi Emecheta, Jamaica Kincaid, Gayatri Spivak, Salman Rashdie,Frantz Fanon…etc.  A more comprehensive although by no means exhaustive list may be found under the distinct categories listed in the menu at the top of this page.

·       Some Examples of film:-

                                      Shyam Benegal, Gurinder Chadha, Claire Denis, Shekhar Kapoor, Srinivas Krishna, Farida Ben Lyazid, Ken Loach, Deepa Mehta, Ketan Mehta, Mira Nair, Peter Ormrod, Horace Ove, Pratibha Parmar, Satyajit Ray, Mrinal Sen…etc.

·       What is Diaspora?:-

                               According to meaning of Dictionary,

                              “…A Diaspora is a large group of people with a similar heritage or homeland who have since moved out to places all over the world.”

                             The term Diaspora taken from an ancient Greek. This word meaning is that "to move off about." And that's what the people of a Diasporas to doing properly. They all lived to separated from their homeland to another places across the planet and they try to spreading their culture, tradition and thoughts as where they are wondering. I am not say surly that but reference of religion book The Bible refers to the Diaspora of Jews exiled from Israel by the Babylonians. But we know that nowadays the word is now also used more generally to describe any large migration of refugees, language, or culture. Here I have to say that Diaspora has two chief reasons for responsible the happening that like as, diffusion and dissipation.

A)    Decolonization:-

                                                       At a time of World War II the idea of Diaspora had multiplication to an extraordinary area. Everything happening for specific behind reason and event. One of the reasons for Diaspora is that development was decolonization. Decolonization also led to the removal and by force remigration of many groups like as especially those of Asian origin for example, ‘Ethnic Chinese’ in Indonesia and Vietnam or South Asians in East Africa.

B)    International Recognition of displaced:-

                                                      There have been exiled in history as long as there times of wars, plagues and famines. But formal recognition by the UN brought new attention to the problem. Today the various UN agencies classify 15 million people as displace.

C)      International Migration:-

                                        The massive scale of contemporary international migration leads some commentators to proclaim an Age of Diaspora. If the 217 million people currently classified as international migrants moved to an unoccupied country.

·      Salman Rashdie:-

                                         Salman Rashdie was born at Bombay in 1947. The Indian writing in Ennglish Rashdie was most controversial writer among He began his educational life at Cathedral and John Connor School in Mumbai. He was sent to Rugby school in England. He produced his first novel “ Grimus” at the time of his employment at the firm. And he was more famous for his another book “ Midnight Children” which was win the Booker prize in 1981.His book published upon the title of ‘ Imaginary Homeland’ which was one of the collection of his essay whose written by him between 1981 to 1992. The root of “ Imaginary Homelands” shown in the indo Anglian seminar at London.

·      His major themes:-

A)Cosmopolitanism

B)   Diasporic Consciousness

C) Literature and memory

D)   Post colonialism

E) Nationalism

F) Post modern

                                        Salman Rashdie is one of the Indian writer and also known for diasponic writer. May be he belong to India and nowadays he is living in London. He has specific ability to write with characteristic of diasporic way. In that type of writer may be who ws away from homeland and try to mention another homeland.

·       “Imaginary Homelands”:-

                                            This book almost divided into six parts like as,

1)  Midnight’s children

2) Poetics off Indi and Pakistan

3) Indo-Anglian Literature

4) Movie and Television

5) Experience of migrants – Indian migrants to Britain

6) Thatcher/ Flout of election- Question of Palestine.

                      In the first essay of ‘Imaginary Homelands’ Rashdie described a description memories of ‘Past’ and ‘Present’ because this essay opening with memory of an old photograph but I can’t say that who’s was in photograph? We know that old things also connected with pastiness, emotions and specific events. Same happen here In the essay he says that “The Past is a foreign country but through use of old photograph represented to turn around that thoughts clearly. He added that it was reminded again him that it was his present time that was foreign and here mentioned on past. It means that he lost his home and town or city which also connected with him. May be he felt suffering through lost those things. So here why was he remembering all that kind of thing? Because of he missed a lot. He missed Bombay where he was born and playing on street. So that he has ambition of revisiting all past places, person…etc. When he wondering into his home, he found one documents and telephone diary. There were he found his father’s migration who leads to him past and also present so Salman Rashdie said with certain prospectively that “ My India “. Here used of word “ My” which used for saying own tight relation to tell other. He almost said that, My India has only one which I was,let us say something, willing to admitted when I belonged.

·      Diaspora into “Imaginary Homelands”:-

                                 We know about Salman Rashdie’s diasporic writing. So that types of clue points I can found in his book “Imaginary Homelands”. It’s reflected something feeling of belonging from somewhere. When we go away from specific place then we realized what is important of that place? There are same happening in relationship often.  Another thing is that when we feel unsecure our life at that time we remembered those things which we lost. Here Rushdi’s life and experiences represented through this essay.  His life covered with full of experienced of marginalized because When he stayed at Bombay at that time he lived with marginalized group and society. Another thing is for happening that he belongs to as Muslim family then as a Pakistani and nowadays he is playing as a roll of British Asian. So that he has not proper roots which he can declare. In age of Digital era in Britain government who not give nationality of him as a membership of British. So he had not good experiences as he wrote into the essay “New Empire within new Britain”.

                                   As a Diasporic writer he faced lot of problem but he can’t claim in front of them when he belonging to the country and they generally try to forcefully leave country. Moreover they can’t completely do mingle with new world because he has past memory which doesn’t permit to him for doing that. Diasporic person’s condition like holding alone among two nations, two cultures, two languages so that as a diasporic person he lost own real identity.

·      Conclusion:-

                                         Thus Salman Rashdie  try to gives his critical views on various subjects with use of whooping theory. In this topic he had try to opened all facts about own and other country and problem of political, education, religion system. So here he has good ability to way of looking Diaspora In ‘Imaginary homelands’ Salman Rushdie experienced the feeling of banishment throughout his life. His root in a country greatly influenced by British rule and his migration to England have helped develop to a double perspective/ consciousness which gave him “stereoscopic vision”(Imaginary Homelands, 1991). Rushdie portrays the plight of estrangement and alienation of the migrants who do not have any future. They have the freedom of wandering to wherever they wish to, but should not have any emotional attachment to these places. Rushdie himself experienced the feeling of banishment because he grew up in a country greatly influenced by British rule. He also attended British schools and migrated to England. He admits that postcolonial Indian writers who have migrated away from India “are capable of writing from a kind of double perspective : because they, we, are at the one and same time insiders and outsiders in this society. This stereoscopic vision is perhaps what we can offer in place of “whole sight.” (I H, 19) Rushdie states, “When the Indian who writes from outside India tries to reflect that world, he is obliged to deal in broken mirrors, some of whose fragments have been irretrievably lost.” (I.H., 11)The multiple backgrounds and experiences, make them feel at home nowhere, ultimately creating a sense of isolation. The cultural displacement of the diaspora creates a double identity for them which are at the same time singular, plural and partial. In ‘Imaginary Homelands’, Rushdie writes : “Our identity is at once plural and partial. Sometimes we feel that we straddle two cultures, at other time we fall between two stools.

Thank you…

·      References:-

1)      https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/postcolonialstudies/about-postcolonial-studies/

2)     https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/diaspora

3)     https://blog.oup.com/2013/06/10-facts-about-diaspora/

4)     http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jhss/papers/Vol.%2022%20Issue8/Version-9/B2208090609.pdf

Works Cited

Bahri, Deepika.