paper no 8 cultural studies presentation

Cultural studies is an innovative interdisciplinary field of research and teaching that investigates the ways in which “culture” creates and transforms individual experiences, everyday life, social relations and power. Research and teaching in the field explores the relations between culture understood as human expressive and symbolic activities, and cultures understood as distinctive ways of life. Combining the strengths of the social sciences and the humanities, cultural studies draws on methods and theories from literary studies, sociology, communications studies, history, cultural anthropology, and economics. By working across the boundaries among these fields, cultural studies addresses new questions and problems of today’s world. Rather than seeking answers that will hold for all time, cultural studies develops flexible tools that adapt to this rapidly changing world.

Cultural life is not only concerned with symbolic communication, it is also the domain in which we set collective tasks for ourselves and begin to grapple with them as changing communities. Cultural studies is devoted to understanding the processes through which societies and the diverse groups within them come to terms with history, community life, and the challenges of the future.

v Western Culture :-

The term Western culture has come to define the culture of European countries as well as those such as the United States that have been heavily influenced by European immigration. Western culture has its roots in the Classical Period of the Greco-Roman era and the rise of Christianity in the 14th century. Other drivers of the Western culture include Latin, Celtic, Germanic and Hellenic ethnic and linguistic groups. Today, the influences of Western culture can be seen in almost every country in the world.

v Eastern Culture :-

Eastern culture generally refers to the societal norms of countries in Far East Asia (including China, Japan, Vietnam, North Korea and South Korea) and theIndian subcontinent. Like the West, Eastern culture was heavily influenced by religion during its early development. In general, in Eastern culture there is less of a distinction between secular society and religious philosophy than there is in the West.

v Latin Culture :-

Many of the Spanish-speaking nations are considered part of the Latin culture, while the geographic region is widespread. Latin America is typically defined as those parts of the Central America, South America and Mexico where Spanish or Portuguese are the dominant languages. While Spain and Portugal are on the European continent, they are considered the key influencers of what is known as Latin culture, which denotes people using languages derived from Latin, also known as Romance languages.

v Middle Eastern Culture :-

The countries of the Middle East have some but not all things in common, including a strong belief in Islam and religion is a very strong pillar of this society. The Arabic language is also common throughout the region; however, the wide variety of dialect can sometimes make communication difficult.

v African Culture :-

The continent of Africa is essential two cultures — North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa. The continent is comprised of a number of tribes, ethnic and social groups. One of the key features of this culture is the large number of ethnic groups — some countries can have 20 or more — and the diversity of their beliefs Northwest Africa in particular has strong ties to European and Southwestern Asia. The area also has a heavy Islamic influence and is a major player in the Arab world. The harsh environment has been a large factor in the development of Sub-Saharan Africa culture, as there are a number of languages, cuisines, art and musical styles that have sprung up among the far-flung populations.

Cultural Studies traces the relationships among aesthetic, anthropological, and political economic aspects of cultural production and reproduction. Cultural studies scholars and practitioners often begin their inquiries by questioning the common understandings, beliefs, and histories that shape our world. This type of inquiry assumes that culture is not a fact to be understood and explained. What demands attention is how culture constitutes diverse worlds and how it can be mobilized to change those worlds.

Cultural Studies relies on interdisciplinary research on the formation of knowledge, power, and difference. Cultural Studies scholars and practitioners explore constructions of race, class, ability, citizenship, gender, and sexuality in their effort to understand the structures and practices of domination and resistance that shape contemporary societies. Many different topics surface as part of this exploration: everyday practices that structure the creation and reception of cultural artefacts; relations between producers and consumers in the circulation of global commodities; claims to membership in particular communities as they undergo transformation.

After discussion of What is culture? And What is cultural studies? Let’s elaborate types of cultural studies.

Five Types of Cultural Studies :-

As we know that

1. First, :-

cultural studies transcends the confines of a particular discipline such as literary criticism or history. Cultural studies involves scrutinizing the cultural phenomenon of a text and drawing conclusions about the changes in textual phenomena over time.

2. Second, :-

cultural studies is politically engaged. Cultural critics see themselves as “oppositional,” not only within their own disciplines but to many of the power structures of society at large.

3. Third, :-

cultural studies denies the separation of “high” and “low” or elite and popular (mass) culture. Rather than determining which are the “best” works produced, cultural critics describe what is produced and how various productions relate to one another. Cultural critics aim to reveal the political, economic reasons why a certain cultural product is more baled at certain times than others.

4. Finally, :-

cultural studies analyzes not only the cultural work, but also the means of production. Cultural studies joins subjectivity– that is, culture in relation to individual lives– with engagement, a direct approach to attacking social ills.

Now let’s talk about Five Types of Cultural Studies.

v Five Types of Cultural Studies :-

1. British Cultural Materialism

2. New Historicism

3. American Multiculturalism

ü African American Writers

ü Latina/o Writers

ü American Indian Literatures

ü Asian American Writers

4. Postmodernism and Popular Culture

5. Postcolonial Studies

Now let’s discuss this all types in details.

(1) British Cultural Materialism :-

Cultural materialism began in earnest in the 1950s with the work of F. R. Leavis, heavily influenced by Matthew Arnold’s analyses of bourgeois culture.

Matthew Arnold sought to redline the “givens” of British culture. To appreciate the importance of this revision of “culture” we must situate it within the controlling myth of social and political reality of the British Empire upon which the sun never set, an ideology left over from the previous century. In modern Britain two trajectories for “Culture” developed one led back to the past and the feudal hierarchies that ordered community in the past; here, culture acted in its sacred function as preserver of the past. Cultural materialism began in earnest in the 1950s with the work of F.R. Leavis sought to use the educational system to distribute literary knowledge and appreciation more widely promoted the “great tradition “ of Shakespeare and Milton to improve the moral sensibilities of a wider range of readers than just the elite.

Cultural materialists also turned to the more humanized and even spiritual insights of the great students of Rabelais and Dostoevsky, Russain formalist Bakhtn, especially his amplification of the dialogic form of communal, individual and social.

Culture stand is referred to as ‘culture materialism in Britain and it. has a long tradition .In the later ninetieth century Mathew Arnold sought to redefine the ''givens of British culture Edward Burnet Tyler’s pioneering anthropological study primitive culture or civilization taken in widest anthropology sense is a complete whole whose 'includes knowledge ,belief 'or morals. Law custom and any other capacities’ and habits acquired by man as a manner of society.

(2) New Historicism :-

As a return to historical scholarship, new historicism concerns itself with extra literary matters– letters, diaries, films, paintings, medical treatises– looking to reveal opposing historical tensions in a text. New historicists seek “surprising coincidences” that may cross generic, historical, and cultural lines in borrowings of metaphor, ceremony, or popular culture. The new historicism rejects the periodization of history in favor of ordering history only through the interplay of forms of power.

New Historicism focuses on the way literature expresses-and sometimes disguises-power relations at work in the social context in which the literature was produced, often this involves making connections between a literary work and other kinds of texts. Literature is often shown to “negotiate” conflicting power interests. New historicism has made its biggest mark on literary studies of the Renaissances and Romantic periods and has revised motions of literature as privileged, apolitical writing. Much new historicism focuses on the marginalization of subjects such as those identified as witches, the insane, heretics, vagabonds, and political prisoners.

Laputa ''the where ''what did Jonathan swift mean when he gave that name to the flying island in the third voyage of Gulliver’s Travels? It is a question that has political reality of the British Empire upon which the sun never set an ideology left over from the previous century. In modern Britain two trajectories for cultural developed one led back to the past and the feudal hierarchies that ordered community in past hear culture acted in its sacred function as preserver of the past.

(3) American Multiculturalism :-

As we discuss above that this American Multiculturalism have its different four types like,

ü African American Writers

ü Latina/o Writers

ü American Indian Literatures

ü Asian American Writers

ü African American Writers :-

African American writers is widely pursued in American literature criticism from the recovery of the eighteenth century poets such as Phillies wealthy to the experimental novel of Toni Morison, In Shadow and Act 1964novel Ralph Ellison Argue that any viable theatre of Negro American culture obligates us to fashion a more adequate theory of American culture as a what''.

ü Latina/o Writers :-

Latina/o Writer Hispanic Mexican American, Puerto Rican Nuyarican Chicane may be Huizhou or Maya. Which names to use/ the choice after has political implications. We will use the term'' Latina/o to indicate a broad sense of Ethnicity among Spanish speaking ,people n the united states Mexican American are the largest and most influential of Latina/o Ethnicities in the united states.

ü American Indian Literatures :-

In pre dominantly oral cultures, stalling passes and religious beliefs, moral values, political codes and practical lesson of everyday life .For American Indians stories are a source of strength in the face of centuries of silencing by Euro American.

ü Asian American Writers :-

Asian American literature is written by people of Asian descent in the United States addressing the experience of living in a society that views them as alien. Asian immigrants were denied citizenship as late as the1950s.Edward said has written of Orientals, or the tendency to objectify and exoticism Asian, and their work has sought to respond to such stereotypes Asian American writer include Chinese Japanese , Korean Filipino, Vietnamese, Asian , Polynesian and many other peoples of as a the Indian subcontinent , and pacific.

The idea that American identity is vested in a commitment to core values expressed in the American Creed and the ideals of Exceptionalism raises a fundamental concern that has been the source of considerable debate. Can American identity be meaningfully established by a commitment to core values and ideals among a population that is becoming increasingly heterogeneous? Since the 1960s, scholars and political activists, recognizing that the “melting pot” concept fails to acknowledge that immigrant groups do not, and should not, entirely abandon their distinct identities, embraced multiculturalism and diversity. Racial and ethnic groups maintain many of their basic traits and cultural attributes, while at the same time their orientations change through marriage and interactions with other groups in society. The American Studies curriculum serves to illustrate this shift in attitude. The curriculum, which had for decades relied upon the “melting pot” metaphor as an organizing framework, began to employ the alternative notion of the “American mosaic.”

Multiculturalism, in the context of the “American mosaic,” celebrates the unique cultural heritage of racial and ethnic groups, some of whom seek to preserve their native languages and lifestyles. In a sense, individuals can be Americans and at the same time claim other identities, including those based on racial and ethnic heritage, gender, and sexual preference.

(4) Postmodernism and popular culture :-

Postmodernism and Popular Culture brings together eleven recent essays by Angela McRobbie in a collection which deals with the issues which have dominated cultural studies over the last ten years.
A key theme is the notion of post modernity as a space for social change and political potential. McRobbie explores everyday life as a site of immense social and psychic complexity to which she argues that cultural studies scholars must return through ethnic and empirical work; the sound of living voices and spoken language. She also argues for feminists working in the field to continue to question the place and meaning of feminist theory in a postmodern society. In addition, she examines the new youth cultures as images of social change and signs of profound social transformation. Bringing together complex ideas about cultural studies today in a lively and accessible format.

Postmodernism questions everything rationalist European philosophy held to be true.Postmodernism argues that it is all contingent and that most cultural constructions have served the function of empowering members of a dominant social group at the expense of “others.” Popular culture: there are four main types of popular culture analysis: production analysis, textual analysis, audience analysis, and historical analysis.

Postmodernism like poststructuralist and deconstruction is a critique of aesthetic of the preceding age, but besides more critique post modernism celebrates the very act of dismembering tradition. Postmodernism question everything rationalist European philosophy held to true, arguing that it is all counting and that most culture constructions have served the function of empowering member of dominant social group at the experience of other beginning in the mid1980. Post modernism emerged in art.

(5) Postcolonial Studies :-

Post colonialism refers to a historical phase undergone by the Third World countries after the decline of colonialism. Many Third World writers focus on both colonialism and the changes created in a postcolonial culture.

The critical nature of postcolonial theory entails destabilizing Western ways of thinking, therefore creating space for the subaltern or marginalized groups, to speak and produce alternatives to dominant discourse. Often, the term post colonialism is taken literally, to mean the period of time after colonialism. This however, is problematic because the ‘once-colonized world’ is full of “contradictions, of half-finished processes, of confusions, of hybridist, and liminalities” .In other words, it is important to accept the plural nature of the word post colonialism, as it does not simply refer to the period after the colonial era. By some definitions, post colonialism can also be seen as a continuation of colonialism, albeit through different or new relationships concerning power and the control/production of knowledge. Due to these similarities, it is debated whether to hyphenate post colonialism as to symbolize that we have fully moved beyond colonialism.

Post-colonialist thinkers recognize that many of the assumptions which underlie the "logic" of colonialism are still active forces today. Some postcolonial theorists make the argument that studying both dominant knowledge sets and marginalized ones as binary opposites perpetuates their existence as homogenous entities. Homi K. Bhabha feels the postcolonial world should valorise spaces of mixing; spaces where truth and authenticity move aside for ambiguity. This space of hybridist, he argues, offers the most profound challenge to colonialism. Critiques that Bhabha ignores Spaak’s stated usefulness of essentialism have been put forward. Reference is made to essentialisms' potential usefulness. An organized voice provides a more powerful challenge to dominant knowledge - whether in academia or active protests.

Post colonial refer to a historian phase undergone by third world countries after the decline of colonialism for era, when countries in Asian Africa, Latina/o America, and the Caribbean separated from the European emperies and were left to rebuild themselves. Many third words write focus on both colonialism and the change created a postcolonial culture.

v CONCLUSION:-

So, this all are Five Types of Cultural Studies. For understand culture we have to understand cultural studies.

Works Cited

There are no sources in the current document.

(Bennett)

http://culturalstudies.web.unc.edu/resources-2/what-is-cultural-studies

http://pritibagohil1416.blogspot.com/2015/02/five-types-of-cultural-studies.html

Paper no.:6 Victorian literature assignment

Paper no.:6 Victorian literature assignment

To evaluate my assignment, Please click here,

https://dilipbarad.blogspot.com/2015/10/rubric-for-evaluation-of-oral.html

qName:- Lalji. G. Baraiya.
qCourse.:- M.A.-1 , Sem-2.
qYear:- 2019-’20.
qRoll no.:- 21.
qEnrollment no.:-2069108420190001.
qG-mail Id.:- laljibaraiya789@gmail.com.
qPaper no.:- 6(The Victorian Literature).
qTopic:- Characteristic and major writers of Victorian age.
( Total Words:-2,156).
q Submitted to:- Smt. S.B.Gardi.Dep.of Engllish Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University.

v Characteristics of Victorian age

Introduction:-

                         The queen Victoria rules England from 1837 to 1901. This period is considered as Victorian age in the history of english literature. It was the age of peace and prosperity and also the age of prose and novel. The literature of Victorian age was influenced by three different factors which are industrial revolution, scientific inventions and political freedom.
Characteristics of Victorian age:-

                           (1). An age of Prose and Novel
                           (2). Deep Moral Not
                           (3). Realism
                           (4). Intellectual Development
                           (5). Search For Balance
                           (6). Humanitarian Approach.

1.)An age of Prose and Novel:-

The Victorian age was essentially the age of prose and novel W.J.Long in his book history of English literature says Though the age produced many poets nevertheless this is emphatically an age of prose and novel. (The novel in this age fill a place which the drama held in the days of Elizabethan).
The novels were looking like the bright stars in the sky of england during the Victorian era. The great novelists like:- Charles Dickens, Thomas Hardy, William Thackeray, GeorgeEliot, Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte and Anne Bronte filled the sky of the Victorian era with their novels.

Some important novels are:-

Thomas Hardy:- 1). Oliver Twists
2). Hard Time
3). A Tale Of Two Cities
4). Great Expectation.

Charrlotte Bronte:-

1). The professor.

Emily Bronte:- 1). Wuthering Heights.

George Eliot:- 1). Middle March.

These novels are just an ice-berg in the ocean of the Victorian novels.

2.) Deep Moral Note:-

The Victorian literature was marked by a deep moral note. In literature this tendency is reflected in the early poetry of Tennyson and in the novel of Charles Dickens. Dickens novels show great respect for tradition and morality. Tennyson, Browning, Carlyle and Ruskin were interested in spreading their message and moral philosophy to their country men.

3.) Realism:-

The literature of the Victorian age is literature of realism. The literature of this age is related with the socialand political life of his age. The Victorian writers tried to represent the problems of their own age. There for the Victorian literature is the literature of realism rather than of romance. During this time literature became an instrument of social reform (the literature of this age was marked by didacticaims).

4.) Intellectual Development:-

There was a great revolution in the scientific thoughts during this period. The well-known scientist durvin published his theory of evalution in his famous work “The origin of species”. (This book realism of ideas).

Tennyson responded this new thought in his famous poem “In Memoriam” Mathew Arnold showed the science of new intellectual development in his prose and poetry. This new science created a note of passinism in many thinkers.

5.) Search For Balance:-

During this period the writers tried to balance the romentic as well as the classical influence. This is well obsereved in the works of J.S.Mill during this time. The new religious movement called the oxford movement was started. This movement shows a search for balance.

5.) Humanitarian Approach:-

In the novels of Charles Dickens, J.S.Mill and certain other novelist. We came accross the humanitarian approach. It is important to note that this age was an age of industrial revolution this industrial revolution creates two classes:-

(1). Labourers

(2). Capitalists.

Some Victorian novels deals with the class consciousness and also present the problems of poverty during this period.

7.) Moral Purpose:-

Victorian literature in its varied aspects was marked by a deep moral note. “the second marked characteristic of the age is that literature, both in prose and poetry, seems to depart from the purely artistic standard of art’s sake and to be actuated by a definite moral purpose.” Tennyson, Browning, Carlyle, Ruskin were primarily interested in their message to their countrymen. They were teacher of England and were inspired by a conscious moral purpose to uplift and instruct their fellow man. Behind the fun and sentiment of Dickens, the social miniatures of Thackeray, the psychological studies of George Eliot, lay hidden a definite moral purpose to sweep away error and to bring out vividly in unmistakable terms the underlying truth of human life. We found good example in ‘The Mill on the Floss’ by Eliot. We found many of the writers write about family and morality in their literary work.

The Victorian literature seems to deviate from “art for art’s sake” and asserts its moral purpose. Many of the writer gives the moral message to the world.

8.) Pessimism:-

A note of pessimism, doubt and despair runs through Victorian literature and is noticed especially in the poetry of Matthew Arnold and Arthur Hugh Clough. Though a note of pessimism runs through the literature of the age, it cannot be dubbed as a literature of bleak pessimism and dark despair. A note of idealism and optimism is also struck by poets like Browning and prose writers like Ruskin. Rabbi Ben Ezra brings out the courageous optimism of the age. Stedman’s Victorian Anthology is, on the whole, a most inspiring book of poetry. Great essayists like Macaulay, Carlyle, Ruskin, and great novelists like Dickens, Thackeray and George Eliot inspire us with their faith in humanity and uplift us by their buoyancy and large charity.

The literature of the age is considerably modified by the impact of science. “It is the scientific spirit, and all that the scientific spirit implied, its certain doubt, its care for minuteness and truth of observation, its growing interest in social processes, and the conditions under which life is lived that is the central fact in Victorian literature.”

The questioning spirit in lough, the pessimism of James Thomson, the melancholy of Matthew Arnold, the fatalism of Fitzgerald, are all the outcome of the skeptical tendencies evoked by scientific research. Tennyson’s poetry is also considerably influenced by the advancement of science in the age, and the undertones of scientific researchers can be heard in ‘In Memoriam’.

9.) Patriotism:-

A note of patriotism runs through Victorian literature. Tennyson, Dickens and Disraeli are inspired by a national pride and a sense of greatness in their country’s superiority over nations. Tennyson strikes the patriotic note in the following lines

It is the land that freemen till
That sober-suited freedom chose
A land of settled government,
A land of just and old renown,
Where freedom slowly broadens down
From precedent to precedent.

In one direction the literature of the Victorian age achieved a salient and momentous advance over the lecture of the Romantic Revival. The poets of the Romantic were interested in nature, in the past, and in a lesser degree in art, but they were not intensively interested in men and women.

To Wordsworth the dalesmen of the lakes were a part of the scenery they moved in. He treated human being as natural objects and divested them of the complexities and passions of life as it is lived. The Victorian poets and novelists laid emphasis on men and women and imparted to them the same warmth and glow which the Romantic poets had given to nature. “The Victorian age extended to the complexities of human life, the imaginative sensibility which its predecessor had brought to bear on nature and history. The Victorian poets and novelists added humanity to nature and art as the subject matter of literature.”

We can say that in the literature the effect of patriotism. The writer focuses on national identity and patriotism in Victorian age.We found some other minor characteristics of Victorian age. A few literary artists of this age struck the note of revolt against
The Materialistic tendencies of the age, and sought to seek refuge in the overcharged atmosphere of the Middle age.an escapist note is also perceptible in the Victorian literature, and this is particularly noticed in the works of the pre-Raphaelite poets. Morris busied himself in its legends and sagas. “There were some minor reversions to classicism, but taken largely, literature of the age continued to be romantic, in the novelty and variety of it’s from, in its search after undiscovered springs of truth and beauty, in its emotional and imaginative intensity.”

Idealism is often considered as an age of doubt and pessimism. The influence of science is felt here. The whole age seems to be caught in the conception of man in relation to the universe with the idea of evolution.

Though, the age is characterized as practical and materialistic, most of the writers exalt a purely ideal life. It is an idealistic age where the great ideals like truth, justice, love, brotherhood, are emphasized by poets, essayists and novelists of the age.

v MAJOR WRITERS OF THE AGE:-

1.) Alfred Tennyson (1809-92):-

Throughout the entire Victorian period Tennyson stood at the summit of poetry in England. Tennyson’s life is a remarkable one in this respect, that from beginning to end he seems to have been dominated by a single impulse, the impulse of poetry.

His work:-

o The princess,

o Dora,

o The Memoriam,

o Crossing the bar

Plays:-

o Queen Mary (1875)

o Harold (1876)

o The falcon (1879)

o The cup (1881)

o The foresters (1892)

2.) Robert Browning (1812- 1889):-

He was an English poet and playwright whose mastery of dramatic verse, especially dramatic monologues, made him one of the foremost Victorian poets. Of all the poets in our literature, no other is so completely, so consciously, so magnificently a teacher of men. He feels his mission of faith and courage in a world of doubt and timidity.

His work:-

Poems:-

1. Paracelsus,

2. Pauline,

3. Men &women,

4. The ring and the book

3.) Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-1861):-

Among the minor poets of the past century Elizabeth Barrett occupies perhaps the highest place in popular favour. She was one of the most prominent English poets of the Victorian era. Her poetry was widely popular in both Britain and the United States during her lifetime. Her first adult collection, The Seraphim and Other Poems was published in 1838. She wrote prolifically between 1841-1844 producing poetry. Elizabeth’s volume Poems (1844) brought her great success. During this time, she met and corresponded with the writer Robert Browning, who admired her work. She is remembered for poems like How Do I Love Thee (Sonnet 43, 1845) and Aurora Leigh (1856). She wrote her own Homeric Epic the Battle of Marathon: A Poem. Her first collection of poems, An Essay on Mind, with other poems, was published in 1826 and reflected her passion for Byron and Greek politics.

4.) Matthew Arnold (1822- 1888):-

In the world of literature Arnold has occupied for many years an authoritative position as critic and teacher, similar to that held by Ruskin in the world of art. He was an English poet and cultural critic who worked as an inspector of schools. Arnold published his second volume of poems in 1852, Empedocles on Etna, and other poems. In 1853, he published poems: A New Edition, a selection from two earlier volumes famously excluding Empedocles on Etna, but adding new poems, Sohrab and Rustum and The Scholar Gipsy. In 1854, Poems: Second Series appeared; also a selection, it is included the new poem, Balder Dead. In 1867, Dover Beach depicted a nightmarish world from which the old religious verities have receded. In his poetry, he derived not only the subject matter of his narrative poems from various traditional or literary sources but even much of the romantic melancholy of his earlier poems Senancour’s Obermann. Arnold, as shown it his essay on the study of poetry regarded poetry as “a criticism of life under the conditions fixed for such criticism by the laws of poetic truth and poetic beauty”.

5.) Charles Dickens (1812-70):-

Charles Dickens was the most influential novelist of this age. More ever he was a social reformer. Dickens is one of our greatest artists. A glance through even this unsatisfactory biography gives us certain illuminating suggestions in regard to all of Dicken’s work. First he was child, poor and lonely, longing for love and society, second he was clerk in a lawyer’s office and in the court, third he was reporter and afterwards as manager of various newspaper and fourth, he was actor, always an actor in spirit.

His work:-

1. ‘The pickwick papers’

2. ‘Oliver Twist’

3. ‘A tale of two cities’

4. ‘David Copperfield’

His popularity was exploited in journalism for he edited ‘the Daily News’. In 1858 Dickens commenced his famous series of ‘Public reading’. They were also given in America with the greatest success.

v Conclusion:-

Thus the Victorian era was peaceful reign Englisn people made a remarkeble progress in industrial, commercial and social life. This age witnessed a variety of tendencies in literature. This age was also a period of great scientific discovers and progress. As a conclusion we can say that The Victorian Age represents the precursor of the modern era. It was, indeed a period of great achievements in all the domains, contributing essentially to the development of the British society.

Lalji Baraiya

paper no 8 cultural studies presentation

paper no 7 literary theory and criticism presantation

paper no 6 victorian litera. presantation

Paper no 5 Romantic lit. Presentation

paper no.:- 8 Cultural studies assignment

Works Cited

Paper no.:6 Victorian literature assignment

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