Assignment on Literature Review

 

 

 

MAHARAJA KRISHNAKUMARSINHJI BHAVNAGAR UNIVERSITY, BHAVNAGAR.

 

 

 

 

 

Ph.D Coursework: Assignment for Paper I

(Year:- 2021-22)

Research Scholar: Laljibhai Ghusabhai Baraiya

Registration No.:

Date of Registration:

Research Guide: Dr. Abulshamim A.Khan

 

Title: - Existential Quest for Spiritual Identity in Paulo Coelho’s

Novels

 For the Award of the

 

Degree of the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in English

MKBU,Bhavnagar.

 

 

 

Assignment on Literature Review

 

 

1.  A Table of all works reviewed or considered for review.

Table:- 1)

Names of the journals, and the numbers of the relevant articles included

 

No.	Name of the Journal	Total  number of Articles	Number of Articles Relevant
1.	Journal of Literature	137	13
2.	Research Journal of English Language and Literature	156	16
3.	Journal of Early Christian Studies	109	9
4.	International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences	200	32
5.	TUCL e Library	22	2
6.	International Journal of English language and Humanities	78	11
7.	Journal of Language and Literature	140	18
8.	International Journal of research- Granthalaya	106	23
9.	The Outlook: Journal of English Studies	116	15
10.	International Journal of research- Thoughts	209	3
11.	International Journal of Language, Literature and Translation Studies	230	7
	Total	1,509	149

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 2.

Research Studies on - Existential Quest for Spiritual Identity in Paulo Coelho’s

Novels

 

 

No.	Reference/ Authors name	Research Focus/ General Findings	Journal	Articles Title
1.	Mr. Vijay R. More(2015)	Paulo Coelho virtually moved into the shoes of legendary writers like Henry Rider Haggard, Robert Louis Stevenson and Rudyard Kipling with his superb narratology and magnetic Stories.	The South Asian Academic Research Chronicle	Paulo Coelho’s Philosophical vision as reflected in his novels
2.	Muraleedharan, Manju(2011)	Paulo Coelho portrays the theme of The Alchemist - how to achieve one's vision of life - through apt handling of his vast knowledge in various disciplines namely History, Geography, Philosophy, Theology, Psychology and Mythology.	Journal of Literature	Multi-Displinary Dimensions in Paulo Coelho’s Novel The Alchemist.
3.	S.Karthik Saravanan	search of  identity, the search comes to an end in a Self- Realization which Reveals that life’s part of the universal soul.	Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology	Quest for Personal Legend in Paulo Coelho’s The Alchemist
4.	Dr. Zainab Abdulkadhim Salman Al-Shammari(2020)	References to the Arabic frame of thought, religion, and philosophy.	Research Journal of English Language and Literature	The Metaphor Of the Journey in Paulo Coelho’s The Alchemist
5.	Graham, Brian, Michael Muray(1997)	Focus on Spirituality	Cultural Geographies	The Spiritual and the Profane: The Pilgrimage to Santiago De Compostela
6	Markus, Robert A(1994)	Focus on extraneous considerations such as imperial patronage and encouragement of pilgrimage, but seals the religious roots of this shift in Christian attitude.	Journal of Early Christian Studies	How on Earth Could a Place Become Holy ?
7.	S.Karthik Saravanan(2020)	The novel concerned with the journey for the sake of a long cherished dream. The protagonist is in search of his identity the search comes to an end in a Self- Realization which reveals that he is part of the universal soul.	Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology	Quest for Personal Legend in Paulo Coelho’s The Alchemist
8.	Jabun Nahar(2021)	Focus on An in-depth exploration of Maria, the central character	International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences	Deconstructing the conventional binaries of society: An in-depth exploration of Maria, the central character of Paolo Coelho’s Eleven Minutes, as the spokesman of Third Wave Feminism
9.	Yadav, Rajesh Prasad (2009)	Focus onEnglish literature;Humans;Philosophy	TUCL e Library	Quest for Self-Discovery in the Zahir
10.	M.R. Rashila (2020)	Despite the scientific and technological achievements, the contemporary man is doomed to find himself in a tragic predicament and discombobulating.	Shanlax International Journal of English	Psychic Abnormalities and Aberrations in Paulo Coelho’s Veronika Decides to Die
11.	Mrs. Priti Singh	concept of mankind; his concrete, subjective and individual existence cannot be categorized and universalized and hence defies all human effort to mirror it exactly in a concept.	International Journal of English language and Humanities	Existential Musings in The Zahir
12.	Nigina Umurova, Sevar Samadova	Focus on an ideological and artistic analysis of Paulo Coelo's novel Fifth Mountain. The novel reflects on the expression of Eastern philosophy and author's views on the East.	International Engineering Journal For Research & Development	Oriental Motives on The Fifth Mountain by Paulo Coelho
13.	Dr. Alka A. Bhise	Coelho’s ‘The Alchemist’ as a novel that reflects his personal experiences in learning alchemy for eleven years	International Journal of Language, Literature and Translation Studies	Paulo Coelho’s- The Alchemist: A journey towards self
14.	Pooja Pradeep Shinde	presents the transformation which takes place in the protagonist on his way to his quest.	International Journal of English	Quest for Self as Reflected in Paulo Coelho’s Novel, “The Alchemist”
15.	Punitha .J	Explore formula of a man who had used his inner voice or intuition to become a successful man in life.	IJELLH	The Theme of Spiritual Quest in Paulo Coelho’s Select Novels.
16.	Dipendra Raj Regmi	Focus on heroic self-discovery of a common shepherd in Paulo Coelho’s The Alchemist (1988) through the concept of popular culture.	The Outlook: Journal of English Studies	Heroic Self-discovery of the Shepherd in Paulo Coelho’s The Alchemist
17.	Basri Sattar	Coelho’s Attitude, views, opinions and vision about his characters through his writing style.	International Journal Online of Humanities	Paulo Coelho as an Optimistic Writer
18.	Cagri Tugrul Mart	This research finally points out these themes of existentialism by studying on two existentialist drama plays written by Jean-Paul Sartre who was a prominent existentialist writer.	Journal of English and Literature	Existentialism in two plays of Jean-Paul Sartre
19.	Dr. HP Singh	Focus on modern’s fiction in English reflects modern human predicament; life surrounded by forces of anxiety	International Journal of research- Granthalayah	Existentialism in Indian English Novel
20.	Yogita Upadhyay,	Focus on the concept of multiculturism in the novels of Paulo Coelho.	International Journal of creative research thoughts	Multiculturism in the Novels of Paulo Coelho
21.	Kundan Makwana	philosophy of life is one type of philosophy which correlate with the meaning of life and the way of living life which includes ethics, morality and the true learning of life.	International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews	Depiction of Philosophical dimensions in Paulo Coelho’s BRIDA
22.	Akram Amiri Senejani	Focus on arguments and theories are conveniently summarized in his novels, short stories, and plays. No Exit was written one year after Being and Nothingness.	International Journal on Studies in English Language and Literature	Sartre’s Existentialist Viewpoint in No Exit

 

2.  Annotated Bibliography of selected works in an alphabetical order.

 

Bhise Alka. A., Paulo Coelho’s- The Alchemist:A journey towards self, International Journal of Language, Literature and Translation Studies, vol. 4, no. 2, 2017, pp. 384–387, http://www.ijelr.in

 

 

Bhise Alka  suggested that Coelho’s ‘The Alchemist’ which was considered as a world classic established his worldwide reputation. The research was noted as one of the 20th. Century most important literary phenomenon since Coelho entered for the second time in the Guinness Book of Records in Oct.2008. Bhise Alka proposes to evaluate Coelho’s ‘The Alchemist’ as a novel that reflects his personal experiences in learning alchemy for eleven years. The main character, Santiago, who goes to a far away country just to pursue his dream. The journey completely changes the life of a Shephered and his vision of life.

 

Chauhan, S.G., Depiction of Philosophical dimensions in Paulo Coelho’s BRIDA, International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews, vol.5, no. 4, 2018, pp. 770–771. 

 

Chauhan, S.G  examined that There is particular aim after writing any work of art. Some authors write art for art sake and a few for life sake and here a Researcher assumes by reading Paulo Coelho’s works that Paulo Coelho is among those writers whose aim is to teach life philosophy means it deals with the meaning of life and therefore the method of living life through his works, however this type of authors place their philosophy in such a creative method in their works that it offers the teachings of life with delight.

 

Mart, Cagri Tugrul, Existentialism in two plays of Jean-Paul Sartre, Journal of English and Literature, vol.3, no. 11, 2012, pp. 50–54,  http://www.academicjournals.org/IJEL

 

Sartre, as an existentialist, show up some themes in his work which are absurdity: life is absurd, it makes no sense and has no meaning or ultimate purpose, but human beings need it to make sense, to have meaning and purpose. Rejection of meaning-giving narratives: It is not enough to say that life is absurd; the existentialists repeatedly make the point that when philosophy, religion, or science tries to make sense of it, the attempts always fail.

 

Orenstein, Alan. Religion and Paranormal Belief. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, vol. 41, no. 2, 2002, pp. 301–11, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1388010. Accessed 5 May 2022.

 

Orenstein, Alan to examine the relationship between conventional religious belief, church attendance, and belief in paranormal phenomena. Greater religious belief is strongly associated with greater paranormal belief. Church attendance (and other measures of religious participation) are only weakly associated with paranormal belief until conventional religious belief is statistically controlled; once this is done, greater church attendance is strongly associated with lowered paranormal belief. Together, these two religious variables explain about one-quarter of the variance in paranormal belief, making them the strongest predictors that have yet to be identified.

 

Pretorius, S.P.Understanding Spiritual Experience in Christian Spirituality.Acta Theologica Supplementum,Vol. 11, 2008, pp. 147-168.

 

Pretorius, S.P  suggested A spiritual experience for some means a mere fabrication of the mind. For others it is pathological and the consequence of psychiatric disturbances and psychological disorders. Others acknowledge that certain role-players are present when spiritual experiences occur. However, the identification of the involvement of these role-players by no means minimizes the spiritual experience to a level of being non-significant. A spiritual experience in Christian spirituality assumes as its foundation that a personal relationship with Christ exists.

 

 

Punitha .J, The Theme of Spiritual Quest in Paulo Coelho’s Select Novels, IJELLH, vol. 4, no. 10, 2017, pp. 51–53.

 

Punitha .J studied that When it is difficult to listen to our inner self and find what we really need he suggest through his novels “the Pilgrimage” the Alchemist” “the Aleph and “the Valkyries” to take a walk out the routine life, to seek out strange places, strange people and engulf oneself in loneliness through a physical journey, or may be a pilgrimage. That is when and where one will be able to listen to their own inner true voice and obtain tits true radiance. Most of his stress appears to be this in his words. He rather attempts to share all these as his life experiences that mend him to what he is now. Learn to listen to your “True Inner Voice”

 

Regmi, Dipendra Raj, Heroic Self-discovery of the Shepherd in Paulo Coelho’s The Alchemist, The Outlook: Journal of English Studies, vol.11, no. 11, 2020, pp. 99–107.

 

Regmi, Dipendra Raj says that Travel literature explores the positive as well as negative aspect of the journey. Coelho’s The Alchemist reflect the positive attitude towards human life in their observation. Santiago, an ordinary shepherd, crosses many tests and trials as in the parameter of the hero journey developed by Campbell. As a result, he is able to realize his self near the end of the novel. Santiago’s self-realization is the supreme reward of the journey. An adventurous journey is driven by the passion rather than power and position. The success of the shepherd is a departure from the canon of the past. At last, his reciprocal relation with the nature and natural objects can be another useful topic for further research because his communication with the wind is highly impressive in the entire novel. The reason behind this suggestion is to highlight the importance of reciprocity that is what lacking in the present world.

 

Singh, Priti. Existential Musings in The Zahir, International Journal of English language and Humanities vol. 4, no. 1, 2004, pp. 221–225, http:// www.ijellh.com /stable/1288011. Accessed 5 May 2022

Singh, Priti described the philosophy of existentialism is a 20th century movement, which emphasizes the active Participation of will, rather than reason, in confronting the problems of a non – moral or absurd Universe. The term existentialism is applied to philosophical doctrines enunciated by Kierkegaard, Heidegger and Sartre which is centered upon the analysis of human beings that Regard human existence as not exhaustively describable or understandable in idealistic or scientific terms. Existentialism is marked by its emphasis on the concreteness, subjectivity and Individuality of human existence.

 

 

Shinde, Pooja Pradeep. Quest for Self as Reflected in Paulo Coelho’s Novel, ‘The Alchemist.,Shanlax International Journal of English, vol. 8, no. 2, 2020, pp. 7–10.

 

 

As a based on the studied of Shinde, Pooja Pradeep.  Santiago’s journey, the author intricate that everyone has the right to chase his dreams. Coelho is of the view that dreams do not have price. The novel highlights the inner quality that every human being should realize. The book proved to be life-changing and highly awakening to those who want to achieve their quest.

 

Senejani ,Akram Amiri, Sartre’s Existentialist Viewpoint in No Exit, International Journal on Studies in English Language and Literature, , vol.5, no. 4, 2018, pp. 770–771

 

Senejani ,Akram Amiri lighted on No Exit, as an intense and compressed dramatic parable, presents the core existential truth that each individual must ultimately face self truth and consequence, forced to an inescapable encounter with others who provide the measure for moral judgment. In the enclosed space of the stage that mirrors the enclosed self Sartre presents a modern morality play, while forecasting the themes and methods that emerge from the implications of an absurd universe and a search for new meaning.

 

3. Reorganize the 'order': Your 'hypothesis' shall guide you in reorganizing. This re-ordering depends on the flow of your arguments. Make your own trajectory.

 

Chauhan, S.G  examined that There is particular aim after writing any work of art. Some authors write art for art sake and a few for life sake and here a Researcher assumes by reading Paulo Coelho’s works that Paulo Coelho is among those writers whose aim is to teach life philosophy means it deals with the meaning of life and therefore the method of living life through his works, however this type of authors place their philosophy in such a creative method in their works that it offers the teachings of life with delight.

 

 

Bhise Alka  suggested that Coelho’s ‘The Alchemist’ which was considered as a world classic established his worldwide reputation. The research was noted as one of the 20th. Century most important literary phenomenon since Coelho entered for the second time in the Guinness Book of Records in Oct.2008. Bhise Alka  proposes to evaluate Coelho’s ‘The Alchemist’ as a novel that reflects his personal experiences in learning alchemy for eleven years. The main character, Santiago, who goes to a far away country just to pursue his dream. The journey completely changes the life of a Shephered and his vision of life.

 

Pretorius, S.P  suggested A spiritual experience for some means a mere fabrication of the mind. For others it is pathological and the consequence of psychiatric disturbances and psychological disorders. Others acknowledge that certain role-players are present when spiritual experiences occur. However, the identification of the involvement of these role-players by no means minimizes the spiritual experience to a level of being non-significant. A spiritual experience in Christian spirituality assumes as its foundation that a personal relationship with Christ exists.

 

Orenstein, Alan  to examine the relationship between conventional religious belief, church attendance, and belief in paranormal phenomena. Greater religious belief is strongly associated with greater paranormal belief. Church attendance (and other measures of religious participation) are only weakly associated with paranormal belief until conventional religious belief is statistically controlled; once this is done, greater church attendance is strongly associated with lowered paranormal belief. Together, these two religious variables explain about one-quarter of the variance in paranormal belief, making them the strongest predictors that have yet to be identified.

 

Regmi, Dipendra Raj says that Travel literature explores the positive as well as negative aspect of the journey. Coelho‟s The Alchemist reflect the positive attitude towards human life in their observation. Santiago, an ordinary shepherd, crosses many tests and trials as in the parameter of the hero journey developed by Campbell. As a result, he is able to realize his self near the end of the novel. Santiago‟s self-realization is the supreme reward of the journey. An adventurous journey is driven by the passion rather than power and position. The success of the shepherd is a departure from the canon of the past. At last, his reciprocal relation with the nature and natural objects can be another useful topic for further research because his communication with the wind is highly impressive in the entire novel. The reason behind this suggestion is to highlight the importance of reciprocity that is what lacking in the present world.

 

Sartre, as an existentialist, show up some themes in his work which are absurdity: life is absurd, it makes no sense and has no meaning or ultimate purpose, but human beings need it to make sense, to have meaning and purpose. Rejection of meaning-giving narratives: It is not enough to say that life is absurd; the existentialists repeatedly make the point that when philosophy, religion, or science tries to make sense of it, the attempts always fail.

 

As a based on the studied of Shinde, Pooja Pradeep.  Santiago’s journey, the author intricate that everyone has the right to chase his dreams. Coelho is of the view that dreams do not have price. The novel highlights the inner quality that every human being should realize. The book proved to be life-changing and highly awakening to those who want to achieve their quest.

 

Punitha .J studied that When it is difficult to listen to our inner self and find what we really need he suggest through his novels “the Pilgrimage” the Alchemist” “the Aleph and “the Valkyries” to take a walk out the routine life, to seek out strange places, strange people and engulf oneself in loneliness through a physical journey, or may be a pilgrimage. That is when and where one will be able to listen to their own inner true voice and obtain tits true radiance. Most of his stress appears to be this in his words. He rather attempts to share all these as his life experiences that mend him to what he is now. Learn to listen to your “True Inner Voice”

 

Singh, Priti described the philosophy of existentialism is a 20th century movement, which emphasizes the active Participation of will, rather than reason, in confronting the problems of a non – moral or absurd Universe. The term existentialism is applied to philosophical doctrines enunciated by Kierkegaard, Heidegger and Sartre which is centered upon the analysis of human beings that Regard human existence as not exhaustively describable or understandable in idealistic or scientific terms. Existentialism is marked by its emphasis on the concreteness, subjectivity and Individuality of human existence.

 

 

Senejani ,Akram Amiri lighted on No Exit, as an intense and compressed dramatic parable, presents the core existential truth that each individual must ultimately face self truth and consequence, forced to an inescapable encounter with others who provide the measure for moral judgment. In the enclosed space of the stage that mirrors the enclosed self Sartre presents a modern morality play, while forecasting the themes and methods that emerge from the implications of an absurd universe and a search for new meaning.

 

4. Now write introductory and concluding lines. These lines shall be written to 'hook paragraphs' with each other. Write in such a way so the 'transitions' from one paragraph to another helps the 'flow of ideas'.

 

The Philosophy of life also teach to other is a difficult task but as per as Chauhan, S.G  examined that There is particular aim after writing any work of art. Some authors write art for art sake and a few for life sake and here a Researcher assumes by reading Paulo Coelho’s works that Paulo Coelho is among those writers whose aim is to teach life philosophy means it deals with the meaning of life and therefore the method of living life through his works, however this type of authors place their philosophy in such a creative method in their works that it offers the teachings of life with delight. Hence, the method of living life reflected through his creative writing or works.

 

One of the his more famous work is The Alchemist which leads as personal legend. Moreover, Bhise Alka  suggested that Coelho’s ‘The Alchemist’ which was considered as a world classic established his worldwide reputation. The research was noted as one of the 20th. Century most important literary phenomenon since Coelho entered for the second time in the Guinness Book of Records in Oct.2008. Bhise Alka  proposes to evaluate Coelho’s ‘The Alchemist’ as a novel that reflects his personal experiences in learning alchemy for eleven years. The main character, Santiago, who goes to a far away country just to pursue his dream. The journey completely changes the life of a Shepherded and his vision of life. Human life also full of struggle, dissatisfaction and loneliness. Therefore living with changes of life created problem.

 

In Christian spirituality mentioned about Spiritual experience which help to do journey of human being to supreme power. Pretorius, S.P suggested a spiritual experience for some means a mere fabrication of the mind. For others it is pathological and the consequence of psychiatric disturbances and psychological disorders. Others acknowledge that certain role-players are present when spiritual experiences occur. However, the identification of the involvement of these role-players by no means minimizes the spiritual experience to a level of being non-significant. A spiritual experience in Christian spirituality assumes as its foundation that a personal relationship with Christ exists. Religion must be helpful to feel relaxes of life but religion belief making them the strongest predictors that have yet to be identified.

 

 

For making stronger predictors  religion belief and confidence on religion is necessary. Orenstein, Alan  to examine the relationship between conventional religious belief, church attendance, and belief in paranormal phenomena. Greater religious belief is strongly associated with greater paranormal belief. Church attendance (and other measures of religious participation) are only weakly associated with paranormal belief until conventional religious belief is statistically controlled; once this is done, greater church attendance is strongly associated with lowered paranormal belief. Together, these two religious variables explain about one-quarter of the variance in paranormal belief, making them the strongest predictors that have yet to be identified. In Self knowledge journey observation of people should be more powerful. For that purpose realization of self passion must effected rather than power of position.

 

Always Journey of self enlightment divided into two ways Positive and negative. Regmi, Dipendra Raj says that Travel literature explores the positive as well as negative aspect of the journey. Coelho‟s The Alchemist reflect the positive attitude towards human life in their observation. Santiago, an ordinary shepherd, crosses many tests and trials as in the parameter of the hero journey developed by Campbell. As a result, he is able to realize his self near the end of the novel. Santiago‟s self-realization is the supreme reward of the journey. An adventurous journey is driven by the passion rather than power and position. The success of the shepherd is a departure from the canon of the past. At last, his reciprocal relation with the nature and natural objects can be another useful topic for further research because his communication with the wind is highly impressive in the entire novel. The reason behind this suggestion is to highlight the importance of reciprocity that is what lacking in the present world. Human tries to getting more from natural object although they felt emptiness in routine life. When life reach to climax mode of struggle, and try to found the way of life at the time felt everything has being but it is meaningless.

 

It is not enough to say everything is meaningless but the way of essence to make sense .Sartre, as an existentialist, show up some themes in his work which are absurdity: life is absurd, it makes no sense and has no meaning or ultimate purpose, but human beings need it to make sense, to have meaning and purpose. Rejection of meaning-giving narratives: It is not enough to say that life is absurd; the existentialists repeatedly make the point that when philosophy, religion, or science tries to make sense of it, the attempts always fail. When all the objects of human being are failing, there were religion not became helpful but for existential quest must be leads at spiritual Identity.

 

For that people felt spiritual experience which realize by natural object rather than religion aspect. As a based on the studied of Shinde, Pooja Pradeep.  Santiago’s journey, the author intricate that everyone has the right to chase his dreams. Coelho is of the view that dreams do not have price. The novel highlights the inner quality that every human being should realize. The book proved to be life-changing and highly awakening to those who want to achieve their quest. The achievement of awaking to listen inner self rather than outside voice.

 

Society also powerful physically rather mentality but listen to inner voice realize happiness for self. Punitha .J studied that When it is difficult to listen to our inner self and find what we really need he suggest through his novels “the Pilgrimage” the Alchemist” “the Aleph and “the Valkyries” to take a walk out the routine life, to seek out strange places, strange people and engulf oneself in loneliness through a physical journey, or may be a pilgrimage. That is when and where one will be able to listen to their own inner true voice and obtain tits true radiance. Most of his stress appears to be this in his words. He rather attempts to share all these as his life experiences that mend him to what he is now. Learn to listen to your “True Inner Voice” It is one of the ways of believing in self inner voice which leads to destination of satisfaction, happiness and peaceful life.

 

Spirituality comes from inner space so that without uttering of religion truly followed human existence and essence or meaningless of life. Singh, Priti described the philosophy of existentialism is a 20th century movement, which emphasizes the active Participation of will, rather than reason, in confronting the problems of a non – moral or absurd Universe. The term existentialism is applied to philosophical doctrines enunciated by Kierkegaard, Heidegger and Sartre which is centered upon the analysis of human beings that Regard human existence as not exhaustively describable or understandable in idealistic or scientific terms. Existentialism is marked by its emphasis on the concreteness, subjectivity and Individuality of human existence. Idealistically human existence on self development or individual pleasure rather than mass social world.

 

Individual human existence also connected with self realization which preferring way of existentialism. Human never exit of various factors. Senejani ,Akram Amiri lighted on No Exit, as an intense and compressed dramatic parable, presents the core existential truth that each individual must ultimately face self truth and consequence, forced to an inescapable encounter with others who provide the measure for moral judgment. In the enclosed space of the stage that mirrors the enclosed self Sartre presents a modern morality play, while forecasting the themes and methods that emerge from the implications of an absurd universe and a search for new meaning.

 

5. Now write 'Concluding Paragraph' of the 'Review of Related Literature'. Start with clear, strong and concrete statement. Make your conclusions about your 'Literature Review'.

Through their endeavors, the characters of Coelho attain the realization of what their essence is, or in other words it is the process of revealing the real “I” rather than what the others think of a person. Their endeavors are various forms of journeys. It is an exalted process – the strenuous physical journey and the tumultuous spiritual journey seeking the real meaning of the inner Self. It is an achievement that undergoes the classical procedure of incomparable dimensions. It is an inward growth revealing the real “I.” Through this inward movement the individual attains self respect, learns to diminish the profound ego, and voluntarily trains to break free from the fetters of already set, preconceived notions. The individuals achieve courage to make themselves free from the conventional and stubborn ideas imposed on them by the society.

 

6. Now, write 'Introduction'. The thesis statement shall be 'last' in the Introduction and 'first' in the Conclusion.

Journey to the Self is an essential process that provides life with a meaningful existence. It is capable of answering many of the puzzles that life has imposed. It has been a haunting question for great souls as “who am I?” for aeons. The world has witnessed many sages and saints spending a major part of their life roving and meditating on the mountain tops to find out the meaning of their existence and enjoy the ultimate ecstasy of attaining self-actualization. The journey has taken them to a wider world of deeper truths. The great example is of Gautama Buddha, who renounced the luxurious life of his palace as a prince which he felt to be futile, in order to find out who he really was and what his mission on earth had been. Seers have crystallized the essence of the Self through deeper introspection and wide thinking. The term Self-actualization refers to the process of attains.

The term Self-actualization refers to the process of attaining a transcendence of the Self which enables the individual to consider himself/herself as an integral part of the universe. An individual tends to cross conventional concepts and behavioral restrictions during this process. This is an endeavor which is inevitable for the spiritual and psychological growth of the individual. During the journey through this spiritual and adventurous route, the individual meets his/her own destiny which is buried beneath their daily existence. At the end of the journey, as a result of attaining self-actualization, the individual equips himself/herself to discover the deeper meaning of life. Thus the individual attains self-actualization through a radical inner transformation of the Self.

 

References

Bhise Alka. A., Paulo Coelho’s- The Alchemist:A journey towards self, International Journal of Language, Literature and Translation Studies, vol. 4, no. 2, 2017, pp. 384–387, http://www.ijelr.in

 

Chauhan, S.G., Depiction of Philosophical dimensions in Paulo Coelho’s BRIDA, International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews, vol.5, no. 4, 2018, pp. 770–771. 

 

Mart, Cagri Tugrul, Existentialism in two plays of Jean-Paul Sartre, Journal of English and Literature, vol.3, no. 11, 2012, pp. 50–54,  http://www.academicjournals.org/IJEL

 

Orenstein, Alan. Religion and Paranormal Belief. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, vol. 41, no. 2, 2002, pp. 301–11, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1388010. Accessed 5 May 2022.

 

Pretorius, S.P. Understanding Spiritual Experience in Christian Spirituality.Acta Theologica Supplementum,Vol. 11, 2008, pp. 147-168.

 

Punitha .J, The Theme of Spiritual Quest in Paulo Coelho’s Select Novels, IJELLH, vol. 4, no. 10, 2017, pp. 51–53.

 

Regmi, Dipendra Raj, Heroic Self-discovery of the Shepherd in Paulo Coelho’s The Alchemist, The Outlook: Journal of English Studies, vol.11, no. 11, 2020, pp. 99–107.

 

Singh, Priti. Existential Musings in The Zahir, International Journal of English language and Humanities vol. 4, no. 1, 2004, pp. 221–225, http:// www.ijellh.com /stable/1288011. Accessed 5 May 2022

 

Shinde, Pooja Pradeep. Quest for Self as Reflected in Paulo Coelho’s Novel, ‘The Alchemist.,Shanlax International Journal of English, vol. 8, no. 2, 2020, pp. 7–10.

 

Senejani ,Akram Amiri, Sartre’s Existentialist Viewpoint in No Exit, International Journal on Studies in English Language and Literature, , vol.5, no. 4, 2018, pp. 770–771.

 

 

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q Name:- Lalji. G. Baraiya.

q Course:- M.A.-2 , Sm-3.

q Year:- 2019-’20.

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q Enrollment no.:-2069108420190001.

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q Paper no.:- 12(English Language Teaching-1).

q Total words:-  1,839

q  Submitted to:- Smt. S.B.Gardi.Dep.of Engllish Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University.

vEnglish language for Specific Purposes

vIntroduction:-

 According to Robert Henry Robins that,

                    “Language is a system of conventional spoken, manual, or written symbols by means of which human beings, as members of a social group and participants in its culture express themselves. The functions of language include communication, the expression of identity, play, imaginative expression, and emotional release.

                           So that Language play whopping roll in to link each other but If we don’t know all language so that we face many problems into communication through languages. Nowadays many debits and talk Show happening on what is important for us native language or foreign language? Sometimes people give different types of metaphor of the language. So here I want to share some views about ‘ESP’ which known English language for Specific Purposes with differences as second language.

vImportance of English Language:-

1)  It’s the most commonly spoken language in the world 

2)   It’s the language of international business

3)    Most movies are in English

4)    It’s easy to learn

5)    It helps you understand other languages

6)     English’s best assets is its flexibility

7)     It can be used around the world

8)    It’s the language of the internet

9)    It continues to change

vAbout ‘ESP’:-

                                        ‘ESP’ means that English for specific purposes. It means that English language learning for some kind of certain subject or profession. I want to say that someone is going Africa for teaching business English so there are students may be can’t communicate in African language but through African English language or native language. English for Specific Purpose has stream of working for increasing English language. There are English language became as a bridge of two communicators which working with proper rules, discipline. So this method makes communication specific. As result of this method I want to say that here this method focuses on how we communicate and learning it.

                                        I am going to talk about the development of English as particularly English as an international language. When a language is called the lingua franca, we clearly know that it is a language that is widely used as a means of communication among speakers of other languages.

                          The acknowledgement of English language as the lingua franca of most activity in the international setting has been generally recognized (Crystal, 1997) and it is not a shocking phenomenon that most people learn English just to communicate with English speaking people. In the era of globalization people have now realized the importance of English and the need to master the English language although the role English has expanded tremendously. This can be seen in the use of English at a higher level of education as in ‘specialized area of research and scholarship’ (Faiz, 2010) and the most apparent proof can be seen in the number of English speakers.

                             English for specific purpose had emerged because of numerous unified trends based on notably three main reasons that have been identified in the emergence of ESP:-

1)  The demands of a Brave New World

2)  A revolution in linguistics

3)  Focus on the learner.

                        Hutchinson and Waters (1987) have emphasized two key historical periods that gave life into ESP.

                              English for specific purposes has a subset of English as a second language or foreign language. Normally It’s refers to teaching the English language to university students or people already in employment, with reference to the particular vocabulary and skills they need.

                              As with any language thought for particular objects a given course of ESP will focus on one occupation or profession, for example, Technical English, Scientific English, English for medical professionals, English for waiters, English for tourism… etc. Despite the seemingly limited focus, a course of ESP can have a wide-ranging impact, as is the case with Environmental English. (Wikipedia)

English for academic purposes is taught to students before or during their degrees, is one sort of ESP, as is Business English. Aviation English is taught to pilots, air traffic controllers and civil aviation cadets to enable clear radio communications. (Wikipedia)

                              At the Conference at Japan on ESP, there are mentioned that differences to how people interpreted the meaning of ESP?. Somebody interpreted ESP for simply being the teaching of English for any purpose that could be specified. Others were more precise, describing it is for the teaching of English used in academic studies or the teaching of English for vocational or professional purposes.

vCharacteristics of ‘ESP’:-

                       ‘ESP’ community in Japan, Dudley-Evans given following characteristic…

A)Specific needs of the learners:-

                              Normally ‘ESP’ focused on increasing of learners so that how help English for specific purpose it’s more important. Here ESP pay attention of learners curiosity for knowing and fulfill their ambition specific way.

B)                 Use of underlying methodology:-

                             English for specific purposes used of underlying methodology and used specific tools and activities to improving of the learners. There was specifically work on basic skill also. Use of underlying often remembering and highlighting so that was attracted to learn something new. Moreover this method used various activities which create specific discipline.

C) ESP is centered on the language:-

                             English for specific purpose method determined of language and grammar also. There are use of various activities for that like as, terms of grammar, lexis, register, study skills, discourse and genre.

D)                Designed for specific disciplines:-

                             English for specific purpose create specific discipline for learners because It’s not used general English grammar, vocabulary but specific way uses all things.

E) Specific teaching situations:-

                                   ‘ESP’ also create new environment for learners because when we studies English language as a general way so we never get knowledge without basic but specific purpose also leads to learn to studies some kind of different subject and language also.

F) Use of different type of methodology:-

                            We can’t learn through traditional method like Grammar transition method but there are used of various methodology and technology also for create live class or make bridge between them. There are used certain words, language and approach for improving English language. Here general English useful but few use of that.

G) Designed for intermediate or advanced students:-

                          Generally English language used by everybody with different perspective but here English language designed for intermediate or advanced students. Sometimes ESP working like as to be designed for adult learners and a tertiary level institution or in a professional work situation. So that here English Language working specific way rather than common English language.

vDifferent between General English and ESP:-

                                       According to Hutchinson’s point of view that, "in theory nothing rather than in practice a great deal". When their book was written at that time his the last statement was quite true. During that time the teacher of General English courses while acknowledging that students had a specific purpose for studying English which would be generally conducted to need of analysis to find out what was necessary to actually achieve it.

                                      Moreover nowadays teacher are more aware about the importance of need of analysis or certainly materials writers think very carefully about the goals of learners at all stages of materials production. Although there are demonstrate the influence of that the ESP approach has had on English teaching in general. Clearly the line between where General English courses stop and ESP courses start had become very vague indeed.

vRole of teacher and learner:-

                           If We talked about roll of teacher and students so one thing is clear that while many General English teacher can be described as using an ESP approach with basing their syllabi on necessary of learners specific way analysis and their own specialist knowledge of using English for real communication. It is happening in so many cases so that we called that ESP teachers that are using an approach furthest from that described above.

                               Instead of conducting interviews with specialists in the field, analyzing the language that is required in the profession and even conducting students' needs analysis, many ESP teachers have become slaves of the published textbooks available, unable to evaluate their suitability based on personal experience and unwilling to do the necessary analysis of difficult specialist texts to verify their contents.

vConclusion:-

                           Another factor that contributes to the emergence of ESP is a revolution in linguistics. In this period of time, the demands of English courses for specific need were increasing while at the same time new ideas began to take place in the field of study (Hutchinson & Waters, 1987). The conventional linguists sought to describe the features of language (grammar), whereas the radical pioneer in linguistics put a focus on the ways in which language is used in real communication (Widdowson, 1978).

                           The other reason that leads to the origin of ESP is the focus on the learner, which in this case in the area of psychology. The development of educational psychology has contributed to the emergence of ESP by focusing on the learners and their learning attitudes. It was clear that different learners have different needs and interests which will then affect their learning motivation and the effectiveness of learning.

                            We have now explored English for Specific Purposes (ESP) comprehensively and thoroughly starting from its history and development and we have had better understandings towards this area of English. We could say that English for Specific Purposes has developed out of the need to provide specific courses for students who had to learn English more as a means to an end rather than for the sake of learning English itself. In this case ESP is based largely on the goals and requirements that students have because when students have little or no basic knowledge in English, then teaching it for a specific purpose would be almost impossible. All in all, ESP can be simply deduced as the use of specific variety of English in a specific context to meet specific needs of the learner.

                            The guiding principle proposed for ESP by Hutchinson and Waters (1987: 8) “Tell me what you need English for and I will tell you what English you need” is in perfect accord with the above statement along with the history and development of ESP. Based on the history and development of ESP discussed above, we can see that the learners’ needs of English play an important role in developing and designing the learning materials to fulfill their specific needs.

vReferences:-

(contributors)

Works Cited

contributors, Wikipedia. English for specific purposes. 2019 Aug. 8. The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia. 2019 sep. 23 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_for_specific_purposes>.

Dudley-Evans, Tony (1998). Developments in English for Specific Purposes: A multi-disciplinary approach. Cambridge University Press. (Forthcoming)
Hutchinson, Tom & Waters, Alan (1987). English for Specific Purposes: A learner-centered approach. Cambridge University Press.
Johns, Ann M. & Dudley-Evans, Tony (1991). English for Specific Purposes: International in Scope, Specific in Purpose. TESOL Quarterly 25:2, 297-314.
Strevens, P. (1988). ESP after twenty years: A re-appraisal. In M. Tickoo (Ed.), ESP: State of the art (1-13). SEAMEO Regional Language Centre.
"What Is English For Specific Purposes English Language Essay." UKEssays.com. 11 2018. All Answers Ltd. 09 2019 <https://www.ukessays.com/essays/english-language/what-is-english-for-specific-purposes-english-language-essay.php?vref=1>.