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q Name:- Lalji. G. Baraiya.
q Course:- M.A.-2 , Sm-3.
q Year:- 2019-’20.
q Roll no.:- 17.
q Enrollment no.:-2069108420190001.
q Paper no.:- 11(Postcolonial Literature).
q Total words:- 1,633
q Submitted to:- Smt.
S.B.Gardi.Dep.of Engllish Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University.
·
Diaspora through essay of
Salman Rashdie’s ‘The imaginary homelands’.
·
Introduction:-
The field of Postcolonial
Studies had obtained importance since the time of 19th century. Some would date
its rise in the Western academy from the publication of Edward Said’s
influential critique of Western constructions of the Orient in his book. The
Development of currency through the academy of the term “postcolonial” which was combined with the appearance in’ The ‘Empire Writes Back’ During that time theory
and Practice in Post-Colonial Literatures by Bill Ashcroft,
Gareth Griffiths, and Helen Tiffin. So that the use of associated terms of
‘Commonwealth’ and ‘Third World’ that were used to describe the literature of
Europe’s former colonies had happen in rarely.
The
lionization of Diaspora writers like Slman Rashdie for best example of that.He might be seen as
a privileging of the transnational, migrant sensibility at the expense of more
local struggles in the postcolonial.
Some of the best known
names in Postcolonial literature and for the
theory like as there are those of
Chinua Achebe, Homi Bhabha, Edward Said, Buchi Emecheta, Jamaica Kincaid,
Gayatri Spivak, Salman Rashdie,Frantz Fanon…etc. A more comprehensive although by no means
exhaustive list may be found under the distinct categories listed in the menu
at the top of this page.
·
Some Examples of film:-
Shyam Benegal, Gurinder
Chadha, Claire Denis, Shekhar Kapoor, Srinivas Krishna, Farida Ben Lyazid, Ken
Loach, Deepa Mehta, Ketan Mehta, Mira Nair, Peter Ormrod,
Horace Ove, Pratibha Parmar, Satyajit Ray, Mrinal Sen…etc.
·
What is Diaspora?:-
According to meaning of Dictionary,
“…A Diaspora is
a large group of people with a similar heritage or homeland who have since
moved out to places all over the world.”
The term Diaspora taken
from an ancient Greek. This word meaning is that "to move off about."
And that's what the people of a Diasporas to doing properly. They all lived to
separated from their homeland to another places across the planet and they try
to spreading their culture, tradition and thoughts as where they are wondering.
I am not say surly that but reference of religion book The Bible refers to the
Diaspora of Jews exiled from Israel by the Babylonians. But we know that nowadays
the word is now also used more generally to describe any large migration of
refugees, language, or culture. Here I have to say that Diaspora has two chief reasons
for responsible the happening that like as, diffusion and dissipation.
A)
Decolonization:-
At a time of World
War II the idea of Diaspora had multiplication to an extraordinary area.
Everything happening for specific behind reason and event. One of the reasons
for Diaspora is that development was decolonization. Decolonization also led to
the removal and by force remigration of many groups like as especially those of
Asian origin for example, ‘Ethnic Chinese’ in Indonesia and Vietnam or South
Asians in East Africa.
B) International Recognition of displaced:-
There have been exiled in history as
long as there times of wars, plagues and famines. But formal recognition by the
UN brought new attention to the problem. Today the various UN agencies classify
15 million people as displace.
C)
International Migration:-
The
massive scale of contemporary international migration leads some commentators
to proclaim an Age of Diaspora. If the 217 million people currently classified
as international migrants moved to an unoccupied country.
· Salman Rashdie:-
Salman
Rashdie was born at Bombay in 1947. The Indian writing in Ennglish Rashdie was
most controversial writer among He began his educational life at Cathedral and
John Connor School in Mumbai. He was sent to Rugby school in England. He
produced his first novel “ Grimus” at the time of his employment at the firm.
And he was more famous for his another book “ Midnight Children” which was win
the Booker prize in 1981.His book published upon the title of ‘ Imaginary Homeland’
which was one of the collection of his essay whose written by him between 1981
to 1992. The root of “ Imaginary Homelands” shown in the indo Anglian seminar
at London.
·
His major themes:-
A)Cosmopolitanism
B) Diasporic
Consciousness
C) Literature and memory
D) Post colonialism
E) Nationalism
F) Post modern
Salman
Rashdie is one of the Indian writer and also known for diasponic writer. May be
he belong to India and nowadays he is living in London. He has specific ability
to write with characteristic of diasporic way. In that type of writer may be
who ws away from homeland and try to mention another homeland.
·
“Imaginary Homelands”:-
This
book almost divided into six parts like as,
1) Midnight’s children
2) Poetics off Indi and Pakistan
3) Indo-Anglian Literature
4) Movie and Television
5) Experience of migrants – Indian migrants to Britain
6) Thatcher/ Flout of election- Question of Palestine.
In the first essay of ‘Imaginary
Homelands’ Rashdie described a description memories of ‘Past’ and ‘Present’
because this essay opening with memory of an old photograph but I can’t say
that who’s was in photograph? We know that old things also connected with
pastiness, emotions and specific events. Same happen here In the essay he says
that “The Past is a foreign country but through use of old photograph
represented to turn around that thoughts clearly. He added that it was reminded
again him that it was his present time that was foreign and here mentioned on
past. It means that he lost his home and town or city which also connected with
him. May be he felt suffering through lost those things. So here why was he
remembering all that kind of thing? Because of he missed a lot. He missed
Bombay where he was born and playing on street. So that he has ambition of
revisiting all past places, person…etc. When he wondering into his home, he
found one documents and telephone diary. There were he found his father’s
migration who leads to him past and also present so Salman Rashdie said with
certain prospectively that “ My India “. Here used of word “ My” which used for
saying own tight relation to tell other. He almost said that, My India has only
one which I was,let us say something, willing to admitted when I belonged.
· Diaspora into
“Imaginary Homelands”:-
We know about
Salman Rashdie’s diasporic writing. So that types of clue points I can found in
his book “Imaginary Homelands”. It’s reflected something feeling of belonging from
somewhere. When we go away from specific place then we realized what is important
of that place? There are same happening in relationship often. Another thing is that when we feel unsecure
our life at that time we remembered those things which we lost. Here Rushdi’s life
and experiences represented through this essay. His life covered with full of experienced of
marginalized because When he stayed at Bombay at that time he lived with
marginalized group and society. Another thing is for happening that he belongs
to as Muslim family then as a Pakistani and nowadays he is playing as a roll of
British Asian. So that he has not proper roots which he can declare. In age of
Digital era in Britain government who not give nationality of him as a
membership of British. So he had not good experiences as he wrote into the
essay “New Empire within new Britain”.
As a
Diasporic writer he faced lot of problem but he can’t claim in front of them
when he belonging to the country and they generally try to forcefully leave
country. Moreover they can’t completely do mingle with new world because he has
past memory which doesn’t permit to him for doing that. Diasporic person’s
condition like holding alone among two nations, two cultures, two languages so
that as a diasporic person he lost own real identity.
· Conclusion:-
Thus
Salman Rashdie try to gives his critical
views on various subjects with use of whooping theory. In this topic he had try
to opened all facts about own and other country and problem of political, education,
religion system. So here he has good ability to way of looking Diaspora In
‘Imaginary homelands’ Salman Rushdie
experienced the feeling of banishment throughout his life. His root in a
country greatly influenced by British rule and his migration to England have
helped develop to a double perspective/ consciousness which gave him
“stereoscopic vision”(Imaginary Homelands, 1991). Rushdie portrays the plight
of estrangement and alienation of the migrants who do not have any future. They
have the freedom of wandering to wherever they wish to, but should not have any
emotional attachment to these places. Rushdie himself experienced the feeling
of banishment because he grew up in a country greatly influenced by British
rule. He also attended British schools and migrated to England. He admits that
postcolonial Indian writers who have migrated away from India “are capable of
writing from a kind of double perspective : because they, we, are at the one
and same time insiders and outsiders in this society. This stereoscopic vision
is perhaps what we can offer in place of “whole sight.” (I H, 19) Rushdie
states, “When the Indian who writes from outside India tries to reflect that
world, he is obliged to deal in broken mirrors, some of whose fragments have
been irretrievably lost.” (I.H., 11)The multiple backgrounds and experiences,
make them feel at home nowhere, ultimately creating a sense of isolation. The
cultural displacement of the diaspora creates a double identity for them which
are at the same time singular, plural and partial. In ‘Imaginary Homelands’,
Rushdie writes : “Our identity is at once plural and partial. Sometimes we feel
that we straddle two cultures, at other time we fall between two stools.
Thank you…
· References:-
4) http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jhss/papers/Vol.%2022%20Issue8/Version-9/B2208090609.pdf
Works Cited
Bahri, Deepika.
